Thermodynamic fragility in liquids and a fragile-to-strong liquid transition in water. The relationship between liquid, supercooled and glassy water. Line of compressibility maxima in the phase diagram of supercooled water. Phase behaviors of supercooled water: Reconciling a critical point of amorphous ices with spinodal instability. A self-consistent phase diagram for supercooled water. Is there a second critical point in liquid water? Physica A 205, 122–139 (1994). An apparently first-order transition between two amorphous phases of ice induced by pressure. ‘Melting’ ice I at 77 K and 10 kbar: a new method of making amorphous solids. The transition shares some characteristics with those observed in tetrahedrally coordinated substances such as liquid silicon 15, 16, liquid carbon 17 and liquid phosphorus 18. On cooling, the confined water, which has an imperfect random hydrogen-bonded network, transforms into a bilayer amorphous phase with a perfect network (owing to the formation of various hydrogen-bonded polygons) but no long-range order. ![]() This transition occurs only when water is confined in a hydrophobic slit pore 12, 13, 14 with a width of less than one nanometre. Here we report evidence from molecular dynamics simulations for another type of first-order phase transition-a liquid-to-bilayer amorphous transition-above the freezing temperature of bulk water at atmospheric pressure. In addition to transitions between high- and low-density amorphous solids 1, 2, and between high- and low-density liquids 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, a fragile-to-strong liquid transition has recently been proposed 9, 10, and supported by evidence from the behaviour of deeply supercooled bilayer water confined in hydrophilic slit pores 11. Supercooled water and amorphous ice have a rich metastable phase behaviour.
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